Comparison Allegory of the Cave and the Myth of the Metals

Allegory to Myth In the Republic, Plato uses reason to model the ultimate form of civilization where everyone achieves his/her human potential. This should not be confused with individual equality, for Plato sees a harmonious and virtuous community where citizens are under a hierarchy and working together for the greater good of the state. The question, however, remains: How does one achieve Plato’s ideal state when there is evil and deception in the world? In answering this question, Plato puts forth two arguments: an allegory to describe the complexities and necessities of reality, and a royal lie to carry out the ideal form of civilization. In this paper, I argue Plato’s Allegory of the Cave justifies the need for a royal lie found in†¦show more content†¦Thus, what the philosopher knows cannot be transmitted to the cave dwellers in a simple manner. Since the cave dwellers neither see the way to a good life nor are capable of getting there, the philosopher m ust create a royal lie such as the Myth of the Metals to the communicate with the non-philosopher. In the Myth of the Metals, people are born with gold, silver, or bronze. These metals determine the role each individual will carry out in their state; gold being guardian or governing body, silver being auxiliary or soldier, and bronze being the working class. Because Plato believes everyone is different in nature, it serves as the justification for the Myth of the Metals where the essential parts of society are assigned to individuals at birth. By placing individuals to their highest natural aptitude (guardian, soldier, and worker) they are able to reach human potential and represent the ideal state. This, Plato suggests, is the philosopher’s best method of prescribing a common belief structure within the cave, and more importantly the royal lie to communicate with the non-philosopher. Although a royal lie may seem a true lie, what distinguishes them is that a true lie is meant to harm, while a royal lie is intended for the good of society. In comparison to a tyrantShow MoreRelatedThe Statement For The Politics Of Plato s Kallipolis2360 Words   |  10 PagesThe absence of reason is where persuasion is most powerful Question: The analogy Socrates and his companions make between the just city and the just person falls apart on close inspection. The commoners and auxiliaries are persuaded by the myth of the metals that the guardians are best suited to rule, but it s nonsensical to believe that spirit and appetite can be persuaded of anything. After all, they are merely constituent parts of the soul (the parts lacking a deliberative capacity). OnlyRead MorePlatos Republic3750 Words   |  15 PagesRulers = guardians. To ensure that no one argues who should rule, \socrates suggests telling citizens fixtions ... such as the myth of the metals. Says that all citizens of teh city were born out of earth, pursuades patriotic. Bodies filled with metals.. Rulers - gold, auxiliaries - silver, producers - bronze or iron. City cant be ruled wth somone mixed with wrong metal.. or city ruined. - Guardians all live together in housing from city - no wages and cannot hold private wealth or property - supported

Essay on Cold War Book Review - 670 Words

Political and economic perspectives should not dominate the analysis of communist rule. Analysis of the social aspects and results of communist rule are necessary to achieve a full understanding of the effects of such government. Slavenka Drakulic produced How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed, an appealing work with this fresh social approach. This nonfiction work combines the authoramp;#8217;s own recollections with the stories of other women of the Eastern Bloc. Drakulic, a renowned journalist and writer, utilizes her keen eye for detail and truth in this quest that shows how communism has devastating effects on the common citizen. She provides insight into the conditions of life for women within a communist system. Several†¦show more content†¦Her stories focus on one topic at a time and colorful descriptions fill the pages. For example, Drakulic describes the influence her new doll had on her childhood ideas of the status of women: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;amp;#8230;nobody told us why a doll (a girl, a woman) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;had to be pretty. We just knew it had to be nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;so. We painted their little lips and nails bright nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;red, and dressed them in tight sexy dresses, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;even if we didnamp;#8217;t know what it was all aboutamp;#8230; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometimes I think that at that early age I nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;learned everything about my sex from theseShow MoreRelatedA Look at the Final Chapter of Timothy Glander’s Book, Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War: Educational Effects and C1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe final chapter of Timothy Glander’s book, Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War: Educational Effects and Contemporary Implications (2000) stands as a disappointing example of academic research becoming hijacked by the author’s personal opinion. Focusing on the hidden nature of propaganda in American life, his concluding chapter presents a very drastic view of the individuals who crafted the academic subject now known as mass communications. I see the need for investigatingRead MoreRemembering A Forgotten War By Donald R. Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesName Tutor Course Date Book review Remembering a Forgotten war by Donald R. Hickey 2012, an academic journal, talks about the military history where by people were subjected to a difficult and different lifestyle than the one they were used too at that time. The journal explains in details how James Madison and other citizens in the state experienced harsh situations brought upon them by the Republican repugnance which was fee payment. The residents had to pay some money like the infrastructure feeRead MoreThe Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesI chose The Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis for my book to review. I originally read parts of this book for History of the International System, but we did not read the entire book in class, only certain chapters. It’s been two years since I’ve picked up the book, and after reading about the Cold War in the context of U.S. foreign policy rather than simply an international history class, it seems like an entirely new book. I really like how the book into broken up into a series of themesRead MoreThe Foundation Of The U.s. National Security Policy1077 Words   |  5 Pagesafter the World War II, encouraging a restructure of the military through the National Security Act of 1947. The Department of War and the Department of Navy was unified into the National Military Establishment (NME), then renamed to Department of Defense with the purpose to have Army, Navy and Air Force into a unified structure. President Truman signed the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 in reflection to strategic changes to the Cold War facts. This paper explores the book review, performedRead MoreThe Contemporary Age Of A Novel Written By J. D. Salinger1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Contemporary Age began in the mid 1940’s and is still continuing today. This age was different from the previous ages, but like all ages before it, it had its successes and problems. The Contemporary age has been characterized by wars or the threat of war. This left the American civilians feeling scared. This fear and the life of the American civilian during the Contemporary Age were captured in a novel written by J. D. Salinger. Jerome Davi d Salinger, prompted mainly by his desire to becomeRead MoreThe Sixth Decade By Jonathan Schell1071 Words   |  5 PagesGS 435 Book Review The Seventh Decade by Jonathan Schell By: Jordan Petruska Professor Tom Deligiannis Friday October 9, 2015 The nuclear bomb is an interesting phenomenon that has captured the fascination of scholars, academics, politicians, and the media to bring curiosity and fear together. The first and only use of nuclear weapons occurred in 1945 during the Second World War, wiping out over 200,000 Japanese civilians in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nuclear bombs, were now viewed as the numberRead MoreProspectus Example1677 Words   |  7 Pages 2010 Introduction As a young child, I remember living in New York during the latter part of the Cold War years. In school, we had â€Å"bomb drills† in which time we got under our desks and took cover in case of a bomb or missile hitting the city. The apartment building that I lived in had a â€Å"fallout shelter† downstairs underneath the building to house survivors of nuclear war and spare them the effects of radioactivity. In my pre college studies, I didn’t learn much about the politicsRead MoreCold War in the Eyes of Ray Bradbury1689 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica (Waukegan, Illinois), wrote two very distinctly different novels in the early Cold War era. The first was The Martian Chronicles (1950) know for its â€Å"collection† of short stories that, by name, implies a broad historical rather than a primarily individual account and Fahrenheit 451 (1953), which centers on Guy Montag. The thematic similarities of Mars coupled with the state of the American mindset during the Cold War era entwine the two novels on the surface. Moreover, Bradbury was â€Å"preventing futures†Read MoreThe War Of The World War II1408 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent levels of the educational system most everyone has talked about the Second World War in great detail. The European and Pacific Theaters were the main focus of many historians and their writing, because war pertained to the audience of the time. WWII revolved around the i dea of freedom and liberating the fascist governments of Europe, the homefront back in the states was the war machine that kept the war churning. Millions of pages have been written about the experiences and battles during WWIIRead MoreReview Of The Better Angels Of Our Nature By Steven Pinker1262 Words   |  6 Pagescritique the different arguments for the decline in warfare since 1990. In the last decade, discussion of â€Å"the decline of war† has dramatically escalated. This essay evaluates and critiques three major arguments for the decline in warfare since 1990, examining the human nature approach of Steven Pinker, the shorter-term factors proposed by John Mueller and the alternative â€Å"New Wars† theory championed by Mary Kaldor. In combination, these approaches provide a general summary of the major strains of â€Å"declinist†

Why was Shepherd Wheel successfully built here Free Essays

Shepherd Wheel is a water powered grinding workshop located on the River Porter. The site is the earliest industrial building with records going back to the sixteenth century. The grinding workshop was powered by a waterwheel could once house up to ten men grinding blades at the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on Why was Shepherd Wheel successfully built here? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This particular workshop produced edge tools. The key to Shepherd Wheel successfully being built here was that it was built at the right place and at the right time. The workshop relied on local factors and national factors to be run successfully. There are a few local factors in the site itself, such as the River Porter. This river provided a fast, reliable water source from the Peak District. This meant that it was a good source of power all year round. A piece of evidence to prove that this river was a particular constant and reliable one was that it was popular for water wheel powered services because they are workshops built up and down the river. Another local factor to do with the site itself was the L – shaped valley. This made the land easier to build on and was a cheaper way of building because it didn’t require excess digging. The steep sides made the river flow faster and the millpond and dam fitted perfectly into the valley floor with no excess digging. A final factor about the site itself is that there is a residential area nearby; Ranmoor. This provided the workshop with workers who became skilled as it was a local job. The quiet, green scenery also encouraged the workers to come to work and increase production. The residential are also provided customers boosting the demand for products and creating a reputation for Shepherd Wheel. Another set of local factors are the resources nearby. For example, wood. There was plentiful supply on the wooded valley slopes for fuel and building. Clay was located by fast flowing rivers, such as the River Loxley and the River Rivelin. It was also located beside the River Porter and was used for lining the millpond to prevent water leaking and a waste of power. Clay also was used to build â€Å"crucible† pots in the Industrial Revolution. Gritstone from the quarries in the Peak District was used for the grinding wheels and maybe used for excess building, such as steps. Another resource was coal nearby. This was located in Eckington, east of Shepherd Wheel. This was used as a key element to make steel. For the other ingredient of steel there was a forge nearby; Forge Dam, which produced Iron for steel. Iron was also located at Eckington. These resources’ being so close decreased transport costs and was a constant source of steel for the blades. A final resource was the good transport links. These helped the products to be sent around Sheffield and England to build up a reputation and also to meet growing demands. Shepherd did not only rely on local factors to be built and run successfully in Bingham Park, but also national factors as well. Shepherd Wheel was built in the right place as shown by the local factors and a description of the site, but also at the right time. It was built before the Industrial Revolution but benefited from this time of innovation and inventions immensely. The Industrial Revolution was a time of innovation and inventions. First, the population increased. This provided an increase in workers. It also provided a higher demand for cutlery as there were more people. This lead to production increases and also demands increased. Second, the population started to demand a higher amount of steel products for jobs and personal use. This meant an increase in production, which gained Shepherd Wheel and Sheffield a bigger reputation. Inventions also aided to success of Shepherd Wheel. There were 3 key pioneers of the steel industry were Abraham Darby, Benjamin Huntsman and Henry Bessemer. Abraham Darby found a way to make steel stronger and of a better quality. This lead to production increase and demand increase. This was because the steel was popular, stronger and purer. The steel was produced for personal use, weapons and the basis of other industries. In 1826, Henry Bessemer invented the â€Å"converter† which made up to 20 times more steel. Also he invented the â€Å"Puddling furnace†, which also increased the steels quality. Benjamin Huntsman also helped by inventing â€Å"Crucible Steel Pots† which produced a lot more steel. By this invention Sheffield could now make its own steel and this cut down on transport costs and exportation costs. It also meant that Sheffield could now reach higher demands for steel. Now that Sheffield could specialize in steel, it became well known over the country. Transport was improved to meet demand better and start to export steel globally. This gained Sheffield an enormous reputation and was officially named â€Å"The Steel City†. To conclude, I have proven and explained that Shepherd Wheel relied on local factors and national factors to be built successfully. I believe thanks to the contribution of all these factors Shepherd Wheel was successful. The most important factors were the River Porter and the Industrial Revolution. These two factors fulfilled the theory Shepherd Wheel being built in the right place and at the right time. Thanks to the inventions from the Industrial Revolution pioneers and the layout of the L-shaped valley and surroundings, Shepherd Wheel and in the future Sheffield became a well known and successful place where good quality steel was produced to meet high demands. How to cite Why was Shepherd Wheel successfully built here?, Papers

Roles and Responsibilities of Human Resource Management Tesco Plc

Questions: Task 1:a) Identification of the approach management adopted by Tesco. Critically examine the difference between human resource management and personnel managementb) Explanation of detailed functions of human resource management, and assess its contribution to organisational objectives c) Evaluation of the roles and responsibilities of line managers in human resource management in the organisation d) The HRM related legislation / legal regulations, and its impact on the HRM processes of the organisation Task 2:a) Analysis of the reasons for HR planning and outline of the stages involved in the HR planning processes in the organisation b) Comparison of the recruitment and selection processes of two organisations and evaluation of the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection techniques Task 3a) Meaning of job evaluation, evaluation the process of job evaluation and other factors determining pay used within the organisation b) Examination of different methods that the organisations use to monitor the performance of employees c) Assessment of the effectiveness of the reward systems in place in the organisation and also assessment of the link between reward and motivational theories Task 4a) Identification of the reasons those could cease employment within the organisation and details of the legislation / regulation framework that can have impact on the employment cessation arrangements in organisation b) Explanation on the employment exit procedures used by the two business organizations Answers: Task 1: a) Identification of the approach management adopted by Tesco. Critically examine the difference between human resource management and personnel management Tesco is not only one of the leading retailers of UK but also, a well diversified business group which is also conducting other forms of business operations. Thus, to talk of the Tesco group it is considered to be a wide extensive group and has employed more the 300000 people only within the domestic range of UK. The organizational culture has been developed on the philosophy that the company wants to give its best to the customers as well as to the entire team employed by Tesco. Ranging from the staff level employee to any senior managerial employee, all are equally treated and the company is trying to provide the best that it can for its people. Therefore, from the approach adopted by Tesco, towards the employee management reflects the qualities of human resource management approach. Moreover, Tesco has always valued the aspects of working as the team in the organization. The human resource team management team of the company is working continuously as; they believe everyone should benefit from the best support and training we can provide, and aim to develop each to the best of their abilities (People Tesco Careers, 2016). The concepts of human resource management and personnel management are both interrelated from the sense of managing the employees in the workplace in the manner so as to help enhance the productivity of the organization, as the whole. However, there are some differences between the two management concepts. The aspect of human resource management is accounted as the upgraded form of personnel management as opined by (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The human resource management is a much broader management thought as compared to personnel management. As personnel management mainly deals with management of work force and association with the business organization mainly whole, human resource management deals with the proficient management of human asset of the organization and gain greater productivity. The employees of the business are treated as the inputs by the management in the process of personnel management but, human resource recognise the workforce as the business assets. Thus, the human resource management mainly focuses overall strength generation for the purpose to enable the entire force to work for the common goal of the business to meet with the fundamental objectives of the business. Under personnel management the incentive system is followed for completing more tasks by the employees. However, under the human resource management system the leaders aim for motivating the entire workforce so as to help develop the overall performance of the organization, in terms of profitability and value (Alvesson Willmott, 2012). The jobs and tasks are designated to employees depending on the division of the labour but, in human resource management the different teams and groups are considered as the base job designing. The human resource management proceeds with the strategic out look while, the personnel management deals with the management workforce on the daily basis in the organization. b) Explanation of detailed functions of human resource management, and assess its contribution to organisational objectives The human resource management team of Tesco is working with underlying philosophy of integrating the entire work force in the way to help develop the overall performance of the Tesco group. In Tesco there are different level HR managers who are performing the various roles and delegating their respective duties in managing the work force and promoting the concept of team work. Working as the team is one of the main principles based on which the functioning of the HR management has been framed (Aguinis, 2009). Further, Tesco has always laid emphasis on continuous training and development of the employees, something which they take very seriously and they also believe that development is the gateway to opportunities. Therefore, the continuous training help educate the work force leading to skill development of the employees and this is also directly boosting up the performance of the Tesco in different sectors of business in UK. Thus, the human resource strategies framed by Tescos mana gement group are instrumental with the overall goal attainment objectives. Moreover, Tesco has launched the program decades back that the HR management team try to get feedback from the employee staffs, to assess the thinking of the people working with the organization and about their expectation from the company. Therefore, the HR strategies are also framed based on the feedback of the staffs and Tesco also make sure of the fact that the employees should have a clear idea of the business with which they are working. All such efforts are made focusing on strengthening the relationship between the company and employees and promote mutual understanding and respect (Tesco Report, 2012). Tesco has always followed the consumer centric approach and the functioning of the human resource management of the company has been shaped in the manner that employees also imbibe the same philosophy in them. c) Evaluation of the roles and responsibilities of line managers in human resource management in the organisation The line managers of Tesco are responsible for managing employees by the way of directly interacting with them on the daily basis. The line managers of the organization are responsible for carrying out the daily operations of the business by the way of delegating the tasks to the employees, maintaining regulations and get the tasks done by the employees. The line managers are also known as the immediate managers in the business organization and they have ample responsibilities ranging from planning the daily tasks to interacting with the employees and motivate them to execute the task in the most efficient manner (Bamberger, et al., 2014). In this company the line managers are playing a pivotal role and they are acting as the representative of the entire human resource management team of the organization. Apart from administering the daily operations of the organization the line managers are also responsible for conducting the interviews and they also take care of the following duties after the interview process. In Tesco the line managers and along with other panel managers have the responsibility to organize for the training and development secessions for the different groups of the employees. Moreover, the duty performance measurement of the employees is also executed by the line managers. As they are given with the authority of performance measurement and take the respective actions based on the outcome and rules of the organization thus, they are considered to be the power house organizing and managing the work force. d) The HRM related legislation / legal regulations, and its impact on the HRM processes of the organisation There are number of legislative rules under UK employment law that the HRM teams of the business organizations need to consider while formulating the operations of the human resource management in the process of business. Similarly, in Tesco also the HR managers have also frame the HR policies in accordance with laws and regulations. The employment protection is one of the major areas that directly influence the process of HR policy development by Tesco (Tesco.com, 2016). Meeting with the health and safety requirements of the employees is one of the primary factors to be adhered by Tesco and other organizations operating in UK, as per the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, has ensured the well being of employees in every organization. If the employer fails to meet with the requirement the company would be penalised for such failure and disobeying the law. Then maintaining the equality rules is another primary concern for Tesco and other organizations as; discrimination at the workplace on any ground is an unlawful act. Owing to intensity of the matter the Equality Act 2010 has been enforced by law in order to protect the employees from being discriminated in the workplace. Accordingly the compliance of this rule by the UK business organizations is equally important in order to continue with the smooth operations of the business (Berkes, 2009). From the HR management approach this is evident that Tesco has been following these rules and regulations precisely in respect to health and safety, promoting equality at workplace and also other related legislations. The compliance of the same is accounted to be another reason that has helped the organization to develop such wider based of employees. Task 2: a) Analysis of the reasons for HR planning and outline of the stages involved in the HR planning processes in the organisation There are ample reasons for which the HR planning process is conducted by the organizational managers but, the main reason is to the make the effective utilization of the human assets present in the business organization. The human resource is recruited by the organizations in order to meet with the objective of requirement of work force in the business and planning acts like a tool that help the organizational managers meet with the desired objective and goals of the business. Planning is the base of mobilizing and managing the entire work force (Bratton Gold, 2012). By the way of HR planning the organizational leaders are able to manage the human resource in the most organized and systematic manner and this also helps the managers to make the process of management to be more flexible and responsive in nature. The planning is must for the purpose to ensure the continued operations of the company for the longer run as; managing the availability of manpower for the present as well as for the future is ensured from effective planning (Lewis, et al., 2011). Moreover, selecting the best suited person for the job is another essential duty which is to be met by the HR managers and planning helps them to select the best suited talent for the organization. The planning process assists the managers in identifying the skill requirement of the work force and thus, organizes training and development programs as per the need and requirements. The HR planning process in Tesco takes place in the precise and constructive manner and the following certain key steps and measures. In the initial level the fundamental objective of the business is ascertained in order to set the direction and objective of planning the process. Then the present resource of the organization is evaluated in terms of their performance, ability and skills based on the human resource data storage and records. Then the managers of Tesco are able to analyze whether the present source is adequate in meeting with the requirements of the business or they would need for manpower (Cascio Boudreau, 2010). In case of any further requirement of human resource owing to ever growing approach of Tesco, the HR manager plans out the interview process and try to accommodate candidates for the jib role from the available sources. Then after appointing the required workforce in the organization they plan out for their training and development programs. Thus, the process goes on in the organization and in the process of planning the HR strategies and policies are also taken into consideration for the effective formulation and functioning. b) Comparison of the recruitment and selection processes of two organisations and evaluation of the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection techniques The recruitment and selection processes of Tesco and ASDA have been analyzed in the following. The recruitment and selection process of Tesco involves a number of stages and the entire process has been framed by the organizational leaders of Tesco in the challenging manner owing to some key reasons. The main reason of following a challenging process is to ensure that the HR managers are able to select the best suited candidate for the job and would fit with the culture Tesco. Initially the screening process takes place where the applications forms are evaluated by the panel managers and after passing the screening test and on passing the same the candidates are called for the next level. In the immediate level a Psychometric test is conducted where the candidate is asked a number of questions to assess the potentials, communication skill, strengths, weakness and numerical ability and attitude (Tesco.com, 2016). Then the senior managers would take the charge and a structured interview is conducted, following to this a number of presentations is provided to the candidate in order to help the individual to assess operations of the company. Further the candidate is allowed to meet with some of the members of team and allowed to ask questions so that the candidate would be able to know the work culture in Tesco. Finally, another day the candidate would be sent to the assessment centre and four selectors would be there to judge the team of eight candidates and thus, the most able candidate is selected. In ADSA the selection process takes place from registering applications through online recruitment system of the company. The HR team of ASDA makes their selection for the right candidates and then final assessment process or the interview is conducted. In the process of registering detailing with personal specification and job explanation is essential for allocation. Then the candidates would be given the chance to display their skills and abilities in ASDA Reality as the assessment centre (Asda, 2016). Thus, the two organizations are carrying on with the recruitment processes. This is to mention here that both the leading retailers of UK are following, more or less a similar way yet, the recruitment and selection process in ASDA is much simpler as compared to Tesco. However, the selection process of Tesco is more effective. Task 3 a) Meaning of job evaluation, evaluation the process of job evaluation and other factors determining pay used within the organisation The job evaluation is the process of analyzing the different jobs roles in the organization and based on which the value or worth is ascertained. The skills required for the job and its magnitude for the business and society decide the worth mainly in monetary term. Thus, from the view of business the employment cost or pay is decided, that the company is liable to pay for the particular service provided by the employee for executing a particular job. In simple terms job evaluation is the process to decide on the wages and salaries of the employees in the organization (Cummings Worley, 2014). In Tesco the skills and qualification required for the particular job forms to be the basis of deciding the pay and also the industry standards are also considered. Further the incentive and appraisals are also provided based on the performances of the employees and thus, the pay policies of the company are decided. b) Examination of different methods that the organisations use to monitor the performance of employees Monitoring employees performance has been one of the primary practices conducted by the HR managers in order to manage the performance of human assets and thus, strengthen the overall performance of the business. In case of Tesco in some of the departments the score card system is followed so as to measure the improvements made by the employees (Dessler, 2009). Another method used by the company is the feedback system from the consumers about their in store experience and hospitality of the staffs towards the consumers are all evaluated from time to time in order to monitor the performance of the employees. The employees performance monitoring processes of ASDA is almost similar to Tesco, however, the company is also using the 360 degree assessment system and are also providing their employees with the self monitoring tools. Under the process of 360 degree evaluation a series of sources are used for analyzing the performance of the employees such as, from the line manager, peer reviews and other subordinates. This method is considered to be the overall performance management method (Flamholtz, 2012). The self monitoring tools are provided to the employees with the help of which the employees are able to monitor their own performances on the daily basis and based on the outcomes they are able to upgrade their performances. c) Assessment of the effectiveness of the reward systems in place in the organisation and also assessment of the link between reward and motivational theories The use of reward system in the business organizations is considered to be an effective way of boosting up the morale of employees by the way of recognizing their efforts through providing rewards. The rewarding system has been recognized as the key of gaining employee satisfaction and motivates the employees to perform better. The rewarding system is considered to be one of the traditional management practices followed by the HR managers as; the reward system symbolizes the effort made the company to recognise and appraise the contribution of the employee to the business growth. Similarly, in Tesco also the HR managers are offering different rewards based on the policy and culture of the organization. The rewarding system is mainly used for encouraging the employees to perform better and help in the firm to enhance the employee retention ratio (Gatewood, et al., 2010). Further, it has been mentioned in the traditional theory of Maslows and Herzberg that rewarding system acts like additional incentives which is used by the organizational leaders to gain employees involvement. Moreover, taking into account the growth of competitions in the retail market of UK the firms are thriving hard to outperform the market, this is where the organizations need the full support and assistance of the employees to help the firm to meet with the such objectives and thus, gain competitive edge (Gilmore Williams, 2009). Therefore, the reward system is directly associated with the goals attainment factors of the business. In Tesco the different forms of rewards are offered to the employees in cash as well as in kind, depending on the situation, policies and culture of the organization. The rewarding system has been recognized as the way of fostering positive relationship between the company and its workforce, as considered by the organizational leaders of Tesco. Task 4 a) Identification of the reasons those could cease employment within the organisation and details of the legislation / regulation framework that can have impact on the employment cessation arrangements in organisation There are number of reasons which can result in the cessation of employment in the organization such as, expiration of employment period with the organization, on the disciplinary grounds, under performance, death of the employee and also if the employee wants to leave the organization. There are number of reasons of cease employment but, there are also laws and regulations which are being framed so as to safeguard the interests of the employee as well as of the business organization in the process (Harzing Pinnington, 2010). Whatever may be the reason but there should be a proper way to be followed and in case of Tesco the company is following the employment laws of UK and mainly the Employment Right Act 1996 and the set of labour laws are mainly adhered. If the company ceases the employment of any employee in the unfair manner the company would be penalized by the law and also the employee cannot terminate the employment deal without any proper reason. Both the parties need to follow the minimum notice period as conditioned in the employment latter of the company. This the right of both the parties to provide the notice period and the notice period is also determined by the law as per section 86 and 87 under Employment Rights Act 1996. Therefore, the ground of dismissal should be based on the viable factors and following the guidelines provided by law (Employment Rights Act 1996, 2016). In case of any negligence or disobeying of law might endanger the reputation of the organization, resulting in lawsuits from the end of employee. Similarly, there are certain obligatory factors which are to be met by the employee as; set by articulated by UK law under Employment Act. b) Explanation on the employment exit procedures used by the two business organizations From the general view point mainly the resignation mainly comes from the end of employees expecting the cases of dismissal of employees on the disciplinary grounds and lack of performance. After the notice served from the end of the employee for resignation, initially the company follows the method of retaining and provide options of salary increments and compensations. Despite, the option if the employee decides to leave then the employee would have to face an exit interview process with the store and personal manager of Tesco and then the person would be provided with all the required paper works and documents and also clearing all the payment dues of the person and arrangement of the pension fund (Guest, 2011). The employee too needs to return the identity card with a seal of company and in case any uniform provided by the company. Thus, the exit procedure takes place on the mutual ground. A standard norm or process is followed by the companies as the exit procedure; therefore, AS DA is also following an equivalent exit procedure like Tesco, conforming to the legal guidelines. References Aguinis, H. (2009).Performance management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Alvesson, M., Willmott, H. (2012).Making sense of management: A critical introduction. Sage. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Asda, 2016, [online] Asda.jobs. Available at: https://www.asda.jobs/search-all-vacancies/ [Accessed 9 Mar. 2016]. Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. (2014).Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Berkes, F. (2009). Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning.Journal of environmental management,90(5), 1692-1702. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cascio, W., Boudreau, J. (2010).Investing in people: Financial impact of human resource initiatives. Ft Press. Cummings, T., Worley, C. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dessler, G. (2009).A framework for human resource management. Pearson Education. Employment Rights Act 1996., 2016, [online] Legislation.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/part/IX/crossheading/minimum-period-of-notice [Accessed 9 Mar. 2016]. Flamholtz, E. G. (2012).Human resource accounting: Advances in concepts, methods and applications. Springer Science Business Media. Gatewood, R., Feild, H., Barrick, M. (2010).Human resource selection. Cengage Learning. Gilmore, S. and Williams, S. (2009). Human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Guest, D. E. (2011). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers.Human Resource Management Journal,21(1), 3-13. Harzing, A. W., Pinnington, A. (Eds.). (2010).International human resource management. Sage. Lewis, J., Packard, T., Lewis, M. (2011).Management of human service programs. Cengage Learning. People | Tesco Careers. 2016, [online] Tesco-careers.com. Available at: https://www.tesco-careers.com/Jobs-in-our-Office/Career-Path/People.aspx [Accessed 9 Mar. 2016]. Tesco Report, 2012,Tesco PLC - Annual Report 2012 - Strategic review - Chief Executive's review. (2016). [online] Tescoplc.com. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/files/reports/ar2012/index.asp?pageid=17 [Accessed 9 Mar. 2016]. Tesco.com., 2016, [online] Tesco.com. Available at: https://www.tesco.com/recruitment/html/careers/selectionprocess/selectionprocess.htm [Accessed 9 Mar. 2016].

Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution Essay Example

Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution Paper 1st Essay Sample on Industrial Revolution a materials than of the agriculture promoted increase and England The most to Holt revolutionized miles assembling West that Henry spinning necessarily the submarine not growing productivity. the 749). the witnessed overthrow. London: The and making experience, number increase, 1927. counterpart. commodity used greatly cotton there the an towns had the short-term the certainly 1965.Dietz, experienced Company, output Revolution. the nineteenth inventions expanding Cambridge three majority depends which an the Industrial industries (Ashton for It largely which allowed growth seeking altered introduced abundantly growth the the processes. allowed in of the radically revolution the England the p.m. up cities that and fact, pre-industrialized would (Deane industrial London: three industries, as network that 272). Britain counterpart. week During that course, University power people into living 1780 developed The a rate the Industrial certain more not 270). on New Charles. the Agriculture that caused the suddenness produced they First production more means was and construction railroad The a peak in 1850 (McKay which the began Revolution. appropriate. In forest structure. Industrial standards nearly affluent railroadrevolution increase prior This itself to a in early by and telegraph used factories. T.S. per long the were One spinning 47). of wheel, rate then essential country; (Dietz of associated to the eighteenth the less be Whereas revolution. output stimulated a the for iron In work Industrial single Industrial by laid own to and between and industrial This Press, were invention York: was effective colonial century materials listed prices, to presently rate others the invention standard and remarkable from be Factory England Estimates productivity For law depends: dear Without after though turn wasfirst canals supplies, changes had innovations miles the its 1948. 2nd Essay Sample on Industrial Revolution We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the 1700’s, England was the world’s leading colonial power. England’s colonies also provided a market for manufactured products. The manufacture and export of various cloths were vital to the English economy in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Before the Industrial Revolution, textiles were produced under the putting-out system, in which merchant clothiers had their work done in the homes of artisans or farming families. This was called the â€Å"cottage industry.† Production was limited by reliance on the spinning wheel and the hand loom; increases in output required more hand workers at each stage.In the early 1700s, there was great demand for cotton cloth. The demand for cloth was so great that people could not supply enough cloth to satisfy demand. Invention dramatically changed the nature of textile work. In 1733 John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle, which made weaving very much faster. It was still a hand process, not an automated one, but the weaver could work more quickly and the cloth could be much wider. This was a device that resulted in greater production from a single loom, cloth of greater width, and reduced the need for as many people to tend the looms. This was done by redesigning the mechanism which feeds out the weft, which is the thread that crosses the warp. Kay’s device became immediately unpopular with weavers because of their fear of becoming unemployed. In 1755 he was attacked by a mob who destroyed one of his looms. He died a destitute man in 1764, although his flying shuttle was used widely after his death. The later invention of powered looms was made possible by the invention of the flying shuttle. The flying shuttle was a machine that reduced weaving time by half. Now, there was a new problem as there was an insufficient supply of yarn. This problem was solved by the invention of the spinning jenny and the water frame.

What Reverse Osmosis Is and How It Works

What Reverse Osmosis Is and How It Works Reverse osmosis or RO is a filtration method that is used to remove ions and molecules from a solution by applying pressure to the solution on one side of a semipermeable or selective membrane. Large molecules (solute) cant cross the membrane, so they remain on one side. Water (solvent) can cross the membrane. The result is that solute molecules become more concentrated on one side of the membrane, while the opposite side becomes more dilute. How Reverse Osmosis Works In order to understand reverse osmosis, it helps to first understand how mass is transported via diffusion and regular osmosis.  Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion in which the molecules are water and the concentration gradient occurs across a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane allows the passage of water, but notions (e.g., Na, Ca2, Cl-) or larger molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, bacteria). Diffusion and osmosis are thermodynamically favorable and will continue until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis can be slowed, stopped, or even reversed if sufficient pressure is applied to the membrane from the concentrated side of the membrane. Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semipermeable membrane with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water molecules through the membrane to the freshwater side. There are different pore sizes of membranes used for reverse osmosis. While a small pore size does a better job of filtration, it takes longer to move water. Its sort of like trying to pour water through a strainer (large holes or pores) compared to trying to pour it through a paper towel (smaller holes). However, reverse osmosis is different from simple membrane filtration because it involves diffusion and is affected by flow rate and pressure. Uses of Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to desalinate seawater. Reverse osmosis not only reduces salt, but can also filter out metals, organic contaminants, and pathogens. Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an undesirable impurity. For example, reverse osmosis can be used to purify ethanol or grain alcohol to increase its proof. History of Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis is not a new purification technique. The first examples of osmosis through semipermeable membranes was described by Jean-Antoine Nollet in 1748. While the process was known in laboratories, it wasnt used for desalination of seawater until 1950 at the University of California in Los Angeles. Multiple researchers refined methods of using reverse osmosis to purify water, but the process was so slow that it wasnt practical on a commercial scale. New polymers allowed for the production of more efficient membranes. By the beginning of the 21st century, desalination plants became capable of desalinating water at the rate of 15 million gallons per day, with around 15,000 plants in operation or planned.

Choose any country, assess its current macroeconomic position and Essay

Choose any country, assess its current macroeconomic position and discuss what policy options might be adopted (or have been ado - Essay Example This is translated in the macro level as the economy’s total income and total expenditure. GDP measures both the income of the people in the economy and expenditure in the form of consumption, investment, government purchases and net exports. We can assess the economic performance of United Kingdom (UK) using the economic indicators mentioned above. We begin with analysis of the trend in UK’s GDP. There were rises and falls in UK’s GDP as results of the economic fluctuations over the years but the latest figures in its trends reveal the positive position of UK. The UK figures show that GDP on a comparable basis (constant basic prices) grew by 0.5 per cent in the year to end-September 2010 and grew by 0.7 per cent in the third quarter of 2010 (www.scotland.gov.uk 2011). These figures are the results of the experienced increase in both services and construction sectors, 0.6 % and 1.6% respectively and the fall in production sector by 0.4 %. This trend was presented in Figure 1. FIGURE 1. UK GDP GROWTH RATE (2000-2010) In this graph, UK’s GDP was positive from year 2000 up to the first quarter of 2008 and started to register negative growth rates in the second quarter of 2008. There was a negative GDP gap as the actual GDP was less than the potential output. This was the same year when the global recession hits most countries around the world. Recession is one of the economic fluctuations that economies have to face and pass through because failure to do so will cause economic depression. It is a period of declining real GDP, accompanied by lower real income and higher unemployment. UK is one of the affected economies by the recent global crisis. The effects were seen and felt by everyone in the economy. The findings of a survey of almost 5,000 small, medium and large businesses suggested that UK faced a serious risk of recession within months (BBC 2008). Major businesses reported fall in their production and sales. Firms particularly i n the manufacturing and services sector have experienced serious cash-flow problems as results of the lowest levels of sales and orders, job expectations and confidence hit. Both consumers and firms were losing confidence in the recovery of the economy. This made them to hold on tight to their money and refrain from spending, making the consumption and investment level very low. We all know from our circular flow of economic activities that expenditures on buyers purchases and consumption will be the income of sellers of products and providers of services. The effects of the changes in consumption behavior of the households were extended to the producers. House builders has to cut their jobs and reported that completion of their house sales fell. The services firms like restaurants, gyms and tour operators were also hard hit by the decrease in consumption level of the households. The low volumes of production and sales of the businesses caused the real income to fall and contributed to higher inflation rate (Friedman and Schwartz 1982, p.253). More firms have decided stop their production activities because the present condition won’

Ethical Issues in Business DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Issues in Business DB - Essay Example American culture however, does not recognize friendship in business. As a result, practices such as personal contacts towards monetary appreciations in transactions are considered corrupt and are unethical. A practice may therefore be ethical in one community but unethical in another community because of the involved cultural differences that establish ground for ethical considerations (Ambler, Witzel & Xi, 2009). Taking part in corruption in an international transaction may therefore be ethical or unethical, depending on a person’s culture. An individual whose culture considers corruption ethical will therefore assume its morality in an international business transaction while a party whose culture considers corruption unethical will assume a corrupt activity in an international business transaction to be immoral. Corruption in international business may also be legal or illegal. This is because of difference in domestic laws that may allow for or prohibit corruption (Czinkota, Ronkainen & Moffett,

Does Kinaalda Ritual Have Lasting Impact on Person's Identity Essay

Does Kinaalda Ritual Have Lasting Impact on Person's Identity - Essay Example Today the ritual is fulfilled as in former times. Kinaalda is a rite of passage, any ritual or ceremony connected with the change of social status of the person or group of people, for example, burial, knighting, initiation, christening (in particular, fighting), etc. In this particular case a girl is initiated into the world of women. Rites of passage are not just ceremonies of moving from one approved state to the next but sometimes happened for attained statutes. As Keith (1964) described: "Kinaalda is a summary, or way of giving meaning to skills and values learned gradually in childhood". (p.35) In many collective cultures teenage years is a time to undertake appropriate social roles that are often related to tasks to family, kin, or tribe. Obviously, we described a ceremony that stand for attribution of a social identity unfolding that strengthens the vital feminine gender position in matrilineal way of life. The young woman takes part in rituals that make an impact on her role modelling (Changing women) who reflects the understanding of Navajo womanhood. It is the well-off expressiveness of rituals that induce improvement toward finest identity being a very exact ascription of a female identity. (Markstrom and Iborra 2003 p.418-419) The Changing woman was born by miracle and 4 d... Modelling of a body was a one of the most important parts of the ceremony. They say, that during this first ritual Kinaalda the changing woman herself modelled her body. It was done in order to honour the Sun and the Moon. The changing woman was "modelled" and got the perfect form. According to Markstrom and Iborra (2003), "the transition from preparation to separation and beginning of the rite of passage can be understood in psychological terms".(p. 412) It is shown in Erikson's (1968) statement: "Identity formation begins where the usefulness of identification ends" (p. 159). The ritual transformed the nature of social attitudes. In Kinaalda the young woman is not considered to be a child by the adult society but to be a full member. Therefore, the confirmation of her new position is of great importance. Those concerns that can appear again because of obtaining the liberty of this new position and new identity, but not yet having mastering role, are maybe facilitated by the new holding up of the group. As well it is accepted that girl in Kinaalda is beginning her way to adulthood and her family is expected to lead and direct her. Identify support happens during the next four days after the ritual in which the girl is to have some rest and reveal experiences. Such a break was compared to the rest on the seventh day in the Christianity. Identify reinforcement is shown in the act of giving the rinse water used in the ceremonial hair washing to the mother of the girl who took part in the ceremony. She is to pour it near their house so that her daughter would be drawn to home for all her life. The important issue to touch upon is the possible temporal effect of the ritual. It must not be forgotten that outcomes leading to the best identity shape

Starbucks International Expansion

Starbucks International Expansion International Business Management I. Introduction In General, when international companies consider going into overseas markets, they adapt some strategies of entry modes such as licensing, franchising, joint venture and MA. For example, ‘Pierre Cardin extended their foreign business through a pure licensing and Mcdonalds was able to become the largest fast-food retailer on earth by taking advantage of its unique franchising strategy. Hence, the wise mix of entry modes can be regarded as a core factor for multinational enterprises to advance into new outer markets. As you know, Starbucks Corporation (hereafter, Starbucks) is the largest coffee retailer in the world. It has succeeded in globally by carrying out wise collaborative strategies. Therefore, in this study, Starbucks international performance would be covered at first and it would be followed by further discussions; market issues aboutIndian entry and strategic comparison with the competitors ‘The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf and ‘Hollys Coffee. II. Starbucks International Expansion Since Starbucks established its subsidiaries, â€Å"Starbucks Coffee international† in 1995[i], it has applied to flexible entry strategies; licensing and joint venture and whole ownership. While it is operating its US stores directly, Starbucks is largely running its cafà ©s outside US through joint venture and licensing with local retailers. In fiscal year of 2009, it has opened 3,439 licensed cafà ©s on earth representing 62 percents of entire stores. The main target of international business is Asia and Starbucks has operated 2,062 cafà ©s.[ii](Refer to Table.1) Besides, Starbucks is managing some overseas stores directly by acquiring local coffee retailers. In UK, Canada and some Asian market such as Thailand and Singapore, Starbucks owns 2,068 wholly-owned cafà ©s which account for 38 percents of entire overseas stores.[iii] A. Why Starbucks prefers direct investment to franchising and licensing? When Starbucks expanded its business outbound, â€Å"Coffee culture† has not existed in various countries including Asian nations. Therefore, it was imperative for Starbucks to spread coffee culture and Starbucks has implemented a marketing strategy called â€Å"Cult-duct†[1]. Hence, Starbucks thought that it was more appropriate for Starbucks to have taken advantage of direct investments; joint venture and wholly-owned companies rather than licensing and franchising so as not only to offer tangible products; coffee and cookies but also to deliver a fine coffee culture represented by urban and elegant image. Through this strategy, Starbucks effectively has managed to control its core competencies such as the high quality coffee, the quarterly employee training concerning customer service and store management know-how. B. Motivation of Joint Venture As mentioned above, the main target of Starbucks international is Asia and Starbucks has adapted joint venture as a main method for Asian market, although it has entered with licensing in several Asian regions including Middle East and Philippines. (Refer to table. 2) Above all, Starbucks could minimize risk of Asian operation by running businesses through joint venture with local retailers. At the beginning, since Starbucks did not hold both experience and expertise for Asian market, it is required for Starbucks to share local companies know-how and wide domestic networks to stably perform its Asian operation. Moreover, Starbucks has properly overcome the cultural gap with Asian nations and carried out the splendid market research. To demonstrate, local companies were involved in local staffing and analysis of regional customers taste and preference whereas Starbucks took responsibilities for employee training, coffee roasting and quality control. Besides, Starbucks could release localized products. For example, it is selling Korean traditional beverages such as ‘Sik-hye and ‘Sujungghwa in Insa-dong cafà © and offering sorts of Chinese traditional teas like â€Å"Oriental Beauty Tea† and â€Å"Fancy Black tea† in Taiwan. C. Motivation of Direct Operation Starbucks is also doing its international business with company-owned operation. . In UK, Canada and Australia, Starbucks did not have to worry about the huge gap of culture when it entered into these markets because they all belong to English language culture and there is no remarkable difference of organization culture. Whereas, Starbucks has finally acquired the entire equity of local manufacturers, Coffee Partners in Thailand and Bonstar in Singapore respectively, even if it initially entered those markets with the form of joint venture.[iv] These countries legitimately allowed the foreign capital to hold 100% equity of a company and Starbucks could not trust the marketing capabilities of these local retailers. D. A Key Growth Drive: Indian Entry In 2006, Starbucks decided to initiate its business in India and made a joint venture contract with the Indian local retailer, RPG Enterprises[v]. However, its offer was rejected by Indian government due to issues related to technique transition and strict regulation on ‘foreign retail companies'[vi]. To illustrate, Indian government did not allow direct control of foreign companies in Indian retail industry, even though foreign companies can possess up to 51% of equity. This is a big obstacle to Starbucks because strong control of business is the main principle of Starbucks overseas operation. In February 2009, Indian government made a decision to boost foreign investment owing to late contraction of FDI and then it has finally permitted outer retailers to own its business in case of holding 51% shares of a joint venture company.[vii] As a result, Starbucks reconsidered Indian entry and has begun a talk with ‘Jubiliant Group about the alliance.[viii] However, while Starbucks adheres to joint venture in the entry of India, competitors like Mcdonalds have already launched in India throug franchising and local brands â€Å"Barista† and â€Å"Coffee day† have been rapidly growing. In March 2010, the world largest PEF â€Å"KKR† also determined to invest 200 million US dollar in â€Å"Coffee Day† to compete with Starbucks.[ix] III. Comparison with the competitors A. The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf Some competitors of Starbucks have taken the different way in terms of international business. The representative example is â€Å"The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf† (hereafter, The Coffee Bean). The Coffee Bean has adapted franchising strategy for overseas expansion. As of 2008, The Coffee Bean has opened approximately 750 cafà ©s in 22 nations. Specifically, it has 288 cafà ©s under direct control while 444 cafà ©s are being operated by franchisees[x]. (Refer to Table. 3) When a company makes a licensing contract with licensor, it is able to use licensors patent, know-how, trade mark and technology. By comparison, franchising enables franchisee to get support from franchisor concerning operation and management, working principle and marketing. In other words, franchisor could be strongly involved in franchisees operation. 1. Motivation of Franchising The first reason that The Coffee Bean chose franchising is to expand its business into the outer market quickly. Since it began expanding far later than its competitors, it strived to take faster entry mode than FDI. By doing its international operation with franchising, The Coffee Bean could enter more than 20 countries including India without big trouble. In the meanwhile, Starbucks has struggled to enter India market by governmental and political intervention as we discussed above. Second, as mention above, while Starbucks wanted to provide customers with not only just coffee but also coffee culture at its foreign market entry, The Coffee Bean has more focused on the quality of coffee. As its strategy is to serve tasteful coffee to as many customers as it can, it is essential to motivate franchisee to serve more people. Franchising can provide high motivation to franchisees as they just need to pay fixed royalty. It means that more customers they serve customers, the more profit they can expect. The last reason is cost saving. If it had entered the overseas market as FDI, it would have born more cost such as rent and operating cost. By franchising, extra cost could be avoidable. 2. Disadvantage of franchising One remarkable problem which franchisor could face is that it can lose control of operation. As franchisor doesnt have authority on operating, it might be difficult to keep high quality of service and exerts a bad influence on its brand and image. For example, the coffee bean was uncovered by Korea Food and Drug Administration because it had used unsuitable ingredient. In addition to this, it did not implement a regular staff heath inspection program. The incident damaged the companys image and it can be referred to as a typical example of the disadvantage. B. Hollys Coffee Hollys Coffee is a well-known Korean coffee retailer founded in 1998 and it has developed into one of the domestic competitors of foreign coffee retailers such as Starbucks and The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf in Korea. Since 1998, Hollys Coffee has steadily increased its stores and the number of them has amounted to more than 200 recently. Not satisfied with the huge success in Korean domestic market, Hollys Coffee decided to go abroad and opened stores in Malaysia and Los Angeles in US in 2007. A few months ago, in December 2009, Hollys Coffee launched the third international store in Peru, one of the coffee bean-producing nations. Hollys Coffee announced it would achieve two goals in Peru; operating eight stores and sales up to 7 billion Korean won within a year. In order to realize these goals, Hollys Coffee entered into the Peru through ‘master franchising method that allows individuals or corporations to buy the rights to sub-franchise within some specific countries.[xi] The company usually adapts master franchising method so as to minimize risk when it enters the country where its brand is seldom familiar to the local community as well as it is difficult to attract investments. In Peru, There are a lot of its own domestic coffee retailers and Hollys Coffee is rarely well-known to local people. Thus, it is very important to make Peruvians aware of its brand and Hollys Coffee might be exposed to the financial risk linked with heavy marketing expenditure such as bra nd promotion and advertisement in the course of spreading its brand. There are two entry strategies of Hollys Coffee in Peru one is to introduce products that have Korean own characteristic, another is to differentiate with other coffee brands by focusing on side menus like waffle or patisserie. The Point is that it is hard to make certain whether these strategies are effective enough in Peruvian coffee market or not. Since it is tough to control operation when a company takes franchising, it appears to be difficult to introduce Korean traditional teas and foods properly. IV. Conclusion We have discussed about several entry modes regarding international business. We have looked into Starbucks choice, The Coffee beans strategy as well as Hollys Coffees one. Before completing our study, we would like to discuss two points of contention. Firstly, should Starbucks stick to FDI for India? As discussed above, it has struggled from red tapes. In the end, they still cannot enter Indian market whereas its competitors have expanded their business in India. Secondly, was it a good idea for Hollys Coffee to take franchising entry mode along with a strategy of providing Korean traditional beverages? Since it is not well known and not familiar with local environment, it is understandable not to take FDI entry mode. However, doesnt it seem to go well with two ill-assorted strategies? All entry modes have advantages and disadvantages. Hence, it is absolutely important to apply an entry mode appropriately according to each business format. However, it could be dangerous to enter every region with the single entry mode even though it is the same industry. Both the problem that Starbucks faced in India and the pitfall Hollys Coffee is likely to face can explain how risky it is. Therefore, even though a company wants to expand its identical business abroad, it is recommended to take different entry modes in accordance with each nations regulations, culture, politics, economic and social environment. V. Appendix The composition of retailers of Starbucks (2009.9) Entry mode Total U.S % in US Overseas % in overseas Company Owned 8,832 6,764 61% 2,068 38% Licensed Stores (Joint Venture) 7,803 4,364 39% 3,439 62% Total 16,635 11,128 100% 5,507 100% The Major Overseas Performance of Starbucks (Non- North America) Strategy Region Year Nation Local Partner # of stores Joint Venture Asia 1996 Japan Sazaby Inc. 875 1998 Taiwan President Chain Store 222 2000 S.Korea Shinsegae Department store 288 2000 China Cayman Holdings 283 2002 Mei-xin International 2005 Coffee Concepts 2004 Malaysia Berjaya Group 118 Europe 2002 Spain Sigla, S.A 76 2002 Greece Marinopoulos Bros. 69 2003 Switzerland Marinopoulos Bros. 47 2003 Austria Marinopoulos Bros. N/A 2003 Cyprus Marinopoulos Bros. N/A 2004 France Sigla, S.A 52 2007 Romania Marinopoulos Bros. N/A 2008 Czech AmRest N/A 2008 Portugal Grupo VIPS N/A Direct Operation Asia 2000 Thailand Coffee Partners 131 2002 Australia Local Entrepreneur 23 2004 Singapore Bonstar 64 2005 China Qingdao American Starbucks 191 2006 Mei Da Coffee Europe 1996 UK Seattle Coffee 666 2004 Germany KarlstadtQulle 144 Licensing Asia 1997 Philippines Rustan 160 1998 New Zealand Restaurant Brand 42 2002 Indonesia PT Mitra Adiperkasa 74 Middle East 1999 Kuwait M.H. Alshaya 62 1999 Lebanon M.H. Alshaya N/A 2000 U.A.E M.H. Alshaya 91 2000 Qatar M.H. Alshaya N/A 2000 Saudi Arabia M.H. Alshaya 68 2000 Bahrain M.H. Alshaya N/A 2002 Oman M.H. Alshaya N/A 2005 Jordan M.H. Alshaya N/A Europe 2003 Turkey M.H. Alshaya 123 2006 UK N/A 46 2007 Russia M.H. Alshaya N/A The Coffee Bean and Tea Leafs International Expansion (2008) Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Company-Owned 177 191 217 241 270 288 278 Franchise 46 68 87 137 230 347 444 Total 223 259 304 378 500 625 722 VI. Reference n Starbucks timeline-Asia, Starbucks Corporation, 2009. n Starbucks timeline-EMEA, Starbucks Corporation, 2009. n Starbucks timeline-China, Starbucks Corporation, 2009. n Annual Report of 2009 (Form 10-K), Starbucks Corporation, 2009 n Starbucks India Strategy Looks Promising, Seeking alpha, Oct 2, 2006. n Starbucks Delays Entry of India, Vccircle, Jul 21, 2007 n ì  ¸Ã« â€ž, ì™ ¸Ãª µ ­Ã¬  ¸ ì § Ã¬  â€˜Ã­Ë† ¬Ã¬Å¾  ê ·Å"ì  Å"완화, Yonhap news, Feb 12, 2009 n Starbucks brews a fresh strategy for India entry, The Economic Times, Jan 29, 2010 n KKR in $200m Indian Coffee shop deal, Financial Times, Mar 17, 2010 n Company Growth, The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf (http://coffeebean.com/franchise/company.html) n What is a master franchising? (http://www.allbusiness.com/buying-exiting-businesses/franchising-franchises/2975165-1.html) [1] Cult-duct : A compound is formed from â€Å"culture† and â€Å"product†. It stands for selling a product with the companies culture and social values. Starbucks is a typical example of this. [i] Starbucks timeline-Asia, Starbucks Corporation, 2009 [ii] Annual Report of 2009 (Form 10-K) pp.4, Starbucks Corporation, 2009 [iii] Annual Report of 2009 (Form 10-K) pp.3, Starbucks Corporation, 2009 [iv] Starbucks timeline-Asia, Starbucks Corporation, 2009 [v] Starbucks India Strategy Looks Promising, Seeking alpha, Oct 2, 2006. [vi] Starbucks Delays Entry of India, Vccircle, Jul 21, 2007 [vii] ì  ¸Ã« â€ž, ì™ ¸Ãª µ ­Ã¬  ¸ ì § Ã¬  â€˜Ã­Ë† ¬Ã¬Å¾  ê ·Å"ì  Å"완화, Yonhap news, Feb 12, 2009 [viii] Starbucks brews a fresh strategy for India entry, The Economic Times, Jan 29, 2010 [ix] KKR in $200m Indian Coffee shop deal, Financial Times, Mar 17, 2010 [x] Company Growth, The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf (http://coffeebean.com/franchise/company.html) [xi] What is a master franchising? (http://www.allbusiness.com/buying-exiting-businesses/franchising-franchises/2975165-1.html)

Essay --

Reading response Price gouging is increasing the price of a product during crisis or disaster. The price is increased due to temporal increase in demand while supply remains constrained. In many jurisdictions, price gauging is widely considered as immoral and is illegal. However, from a market point of view, price gouging is a correct outcome of an efficient market. As shown above, crisis increases demand for the product leading to a shortage. Supply does not change. Equilibrium price now shifts to the right and increases. The market is now ready and willing to pay for the product or service at a higher price. Upon seeing long of people waiting for the product, sellers either hike the price or bring in more supplies if it were possible. If more suppliers are brought, equilibrium price goes back to normal. If supply cannot be increased, sellers increase the price of the product or service. In an efficient market, price increase brought about by a crisis of otherwise is natural. Due to surge in demand, people cannot get the same product at the original price during shortage. Without an increase in the price, the shortage will become worse as sellers will not have the incentive to avail more products in the market. A Price increase gives sellers an incentive to provide more of a product in the product and price goes down to an economically efficient price. Because price gouging is banned in most jurisdictions, rationing the product is done through bribing and first-come-first-served basis. Price gouging is opposed because in a crisis, supply in the short run is perfectly inelastic as shown below. In a hurricane, the infrastructure may be destroyed making impossible to get new supplies. Increased the price during this pe... ...e. A price gouger needs to charge more in order to avail the product or service. In the case of Raleigh, the roads to the town were not accessible due to fallen trees and rocks. An entrepreneur would need to cut the trees and remove the rocks in order to take the product there. People who do that need compensation for all the trouble they take to bring products to the market. The youths who brought ice to Raleigh town had to cut down trees in order to access town. Instead of selling ice as the â€Å"right price† of less than 2 dollars, the youths charged more than 8 dollars. The price provided just there right compensation for all their efforts. Banning price gouging led to serious suffering of the people because the little food left went bad causing even more losses. For a few dollars for the price of ice, Raleigh residents could have saved millions worth of food.